"Habitual miscarriage of pregnancy" is a diagnosis a doctor makes to a woman and sends her for a detailed examination in case of three consecutive miscarriages. But even a single spontaneous termination of pregnancy, as a rule, causes severe mental trauma to a woman. It leads to depression, increased anxiety, and guilt.
Miscarriage is the termination of pregnancy during the period when the fetus or embryo weighs less than 500g. Fetal extraction with a body weight of more than 500 g is already considered premature birth, But it is not always possible to get a child with a critically low weight. Not all maternity hospitals are equipped with the necessary equipment.
Most miscarriages occur at a period of 6-8 weeks. Often a woman does not even realize that she was pregnant, and the bleeding is mistaken for normal menstruation. If the interruption of embryo development occurred at a time when the process of the birth of a new life could not yet be recorded on ultrasound, such a pregnancy is called biochemical. It is possible to determine its presence only on the basis of an increase in the hCG hormone in the blood.
Most early terminations occur due to the presence of chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo. In this way, nature carries out natural selection, getting rid of sick and obviously unviable children. An embryo with genetic defects can be conceived by perfectly healthy parents.
Various infections can cause miscarriage. Pathogenic microorganisms, penetrating through the placenta into the fetus, disrupt its normal development, some of them increase the contractile activity of the uterus, and also provoke the discharge of amniotic fluid. The effect of infection depends on its type, the resistance of the woman's body and the duration of pregnancy. Infectious foci are most often located in the vagina or cervix.
In half of the cases, autoimmune factors are the cause of termination of pregnancy. Most often, this is a pathological reaction of the expectant mother's body to paternal antigens of the embryo or antiphospholipid syndrome. The lack of progesterone in the body increases the negative effect of autoimmune factors. In addition to reducing the tone of the uterus and normalizing the function of its inner layer, this hormone also has an immunomodulatory effect.
In about a quarter of cases, various endocrine pathologies are the cause of miscarriage. These are hyperandrogenism, hyper- or hypofunction of the thyroid gland, pathology of the adrenal glands, diabetes mellitus, lack of estrogen and progesterone.
One of the infrequent causes of miscarriage is malformations of the uterus and insufficient function of its cervix, abnormal branching of the uterine arteries. In such cases, pregnancy is interrupted due to a violation of embryo implantation, increased excitability of the infantile (underdeveloped) uterus. However, many women with the above malformations have no problems carrying a child.
The mechanism of termination of pregnancy due to the presence of endometriosis has not been definitively clarified. Most likely, it is associated with a pathological condition of the internal endothelial and middle muscular layers of the uterus, as well as with immune disorders. Uterine fibroids are usually accompanied by low progesterone levels and increased uterine contractility.
Negative environmental factors, taking certain medications, and physical and mental overstrain increase the likelihood of spontaneous termination of pregnancy. Even a single miscarriage, in order to avoid its recurrence, is a reason for a detailed examination.
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